USE OF CHLORAMPHENICOL IN CULTURING MICROALGAE ISOCHRYSIS GALBANA AND ROTIFERS BRACHIONUS PLICATILIS AS BASIC LIVE FOOD ORGANISMS IN AQUACULTURE
Keywords:
microalgae, rotifers, chloramphenicol, flow cytometry, Brachionus plicatilis, Isochrysis galbanaAbstract
The impact of synthetic antibiotic chloramphenicol (5, 10, 50 and 500 mg l-1) on dynamics of Isochrysis galbana culture and associated bacterial flora was studied in 7-day experiments. At all the tested concentrations, the antibiotic was shown to produce a toxic effect on the microalgal cells, that was manifested by a significant (p<0.05) an increase in the percentage of dying cells with low chlorophyll content. A pronounced effect was indicated from the day 2 of the experiment and its extent was proportional to the antibiotic concentration. The high antibiotic concentrations caused cell degradation and death. Reduction in bacterial abundance was observed in the microalgal culture from the day 2 of the treatment. The minimal antibiotic concentration of 5 mg l-1 was enough for elimination of bacterial strains receptive to chloramphenicol, and increase in the dosage did not result in stronger bactericidal effect that was likely due to chloramphenicol-resistant strains. Antibiotic-pretreated (5 mg l-1 24 h) culture of I. galbana did not have a toxic effect on Brachionus plicatilis when it was used for feeding the rotifers. The rate of ingestion of the pretreated microalgae by the rotifers did not differ from those in the control with untreated microalgae as food. However, the bacterial abundance in the rotifer growth medium with the antibiotic-pretreated isochrisis was lower than in the control over the incubation. Yield of the rotifers grown on the chloramphenicol-pretreated live food was insignificantly higher than in the control.
References
Вольберг М. М. Взаимодействие популяций микроводорослей и бактерий в модельной экосистеме: автореф. дисс…. канд. биол. наук. – М.: МГУ, 1988. – 24 с.
Ханайченко А. Н. Микробиологические проблемы культивирования морских рыб на ранних стадиях развития (на примере камбалообразных) и пути их решения // Морск. экол. журн. – 2005. – 4, № 2. – С. 23 – 37.
Campa-Cordova A. I., Luna-Gonzalez A., Ascencio F., Cortés-Jacinto E., Cáceres-Martínez C. J. Effects of chloramphenicol, erythromycin, and fura-zolidone on growth of Isochrysis galbana and Chaetoceros gracilis // Aquaculture. – 2006. – 260 (29). – P. 145 – 150.
Coutteau P. Microalgae / Lavens P., Sorgeloos P. (eds.). Manual on the production and use of live food for aquaculture. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper. – №. 361. – Rome, FAO. – 1996. – P. 10-13.
Cove, D., Audineau P., Nicolas J. L. Rotifer-rearing technology / Barnabe G. Aquaculture. – West Sussex England: Ellis Harwood, 1990. – P. 232 – 245.
Huang Z., Liu X., Hu Z. Duan S. Effects of antibiotics on the growth of Isochrysis zhangjiangensis and axenic culture // Ecologic Science. – 2007. – 2. – P. 120 – 125.
Huys G., Bartie K., Cnockaert M., Hoang Oanh DT., Phuong NT., Somsiri T., Chinabut S. Biodiver-sity of chloramphenicol-resistant mesophilic heterotrophs from Southeast Asian aquaculture environments // Res. Microbiol. – 2007. – 158. – P. 228 – 235.
John S., Patterson J. Probiotic activity and antibiotic resistance of microbes isolated from shrimp pond // J. Mar. Biol. Ass. India. – 2007. – 49 (2). – P. 127 – 133.
Joo-Yeon Youn, Sung Bum Hur. Antibiotics and their optimum concentration for axenic culture of marine microalgae // Algae. – 2007. – 22 (3). – P. 229 – 234.
Ferreiraa M., Maseda A., Fabregasa J., Otero A. Enriching rotifers with “premium” microalgae Isochrysis aff. galbana clone T-ISO // Aquaculture . – 2007. – 279. – P. 126 – 130.
Lai H.T., Hou J.H., Su C.I., Chen C.L. Effects of chloramphenicol, florfenicol, and thiamphenicol on growth of algae Chlorella pyrenoidosa, Isochrysis galbana, and Tetraselmis chui // Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. – 2009. – 72 (2). – P. 329-34.
Lupin H. M. Human health aspects of drug and chemical use in aquaculture // The use of veterinary drugs and vaccines in Mediterranean aquaculture. Options Mediterraneennes, – 2009. – 86, A. – P. 95 – 103.
Мarie D., Partensky F., Jacquet S., Vaulot D. Enumeration and cell cycle analysis of natural populations of marine picoplankton by flow cytometry using the nucleic acid stain SYBR Green I // Appl. Environ. Microbiol. - 1997. – 63. – P. 186 – 193.
Munro P. D., Birkbeck T. H., Barbour A. Bacterial flora of rotifers (Brachionus plicatilis): Evidence for a major location on the external surface and methods for reducing the rotifer bacterial load // Fish Farming Techn. – 1993. – P. 93 – 100.
Munro P., Hendersonb R., Barbourc A., Birkbeck T. H. Partial decontamination of rotifers with ultraviolet radiation: the effect of changes in the bacterial load and flora of rotifers on mortalities in start-feeding larval turbot // Aquaculture. – 1999. – 170. – P. 229 – 244.
Rodgers C. J., Furones M. D. Antimicrobial agents in aquaculture: Practice, needs and issues // The use of veterinary drugs and vaccines in Mediterranean aquaculture. Options Mediterraneennes. – 2009. – 86, A. – P. 41 – 59.
Subhash S. K., Lipton A. P., Paul Raj R. Antibiotic exposure to minimize microbial load in live feed Isochrysis galbana used for larval rearing of Indian pearl oyster Pinctada fucata // Current science. – 2004. – 87 (10). – P. 1339 – 1340.
Suga K., Tanaka Y., Sakakura Y., Hagiwara A. Axenic culture of Brachionus plicatilis using antibiotics // Hydrobiologia. – 2010. – 662. – P. 113-119.
Supranee C., Somsiri T., Bartie K.L Huys G., Oanh D.T.H., Giacomini M., Bertone S. The use of antimicrobials in Asian aquaculture: aims of the EU-Asiaresist Project // World Aquaculture (Bangkok, 2005): Abstr. – Bangkok, 2005 – P. 729.
Zheng M., Zheng L., Wang L., Han X. Effects of five kinds of antibiotics stressed on chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of Isochrysis sp. CCMM5001 // Mar. Environ.l Sci. – 2011. – 4. – DOI CNKI:SUN:HYHJ.0.2011-04-027.
